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of iron and copper

  • 1 neutralización

    f.
    1 neutralization.
    2 counteraction, action of a drug acting against another.
    * * *
    1 neutralization
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino neutralization
    * * *
    = doping, neutralisation [neutralization, -USA], blocking.
    Ex. The process is called doping and it interferes with the conducting properties of the semiconductor.
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    ----
    * neutralización de la acidez = deacidification [de-acidification], deacidifying.
    * * *
    femenino neutralization
    * * *
    = doping, neutralisation [neutralization, -USA], blocking.

    Ex: The process is called doping and it interferes with the conducting properties of the semiconductor.

    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    * neutralización de la acidez = deacidification [de-acidification], deacidifying.

    * * *
    neutralization
    * * *
    [de efecto] neutralization

    Spanish-English dictionary > neutralización

  • 2 engrasado

    adj.
    greased, lubricated, oiled.
    m.
    1 lubrication, greasing.
    2 lubrication, greasing.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: engrasar.
    * * *
    masculino lubrication, greasing
    * * *
    = greasing, oiled.
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    Ex. Whisk ingredients together, pour into oiled waffle iron, and cook on medium heat until steam starts coming out of the sides.
    * * *
    masculino lubrication, greasing
    * * *
    = greasing, oiled.

    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.

    Ex: Whisk ingredients together, pour into oiled waffle iron, and cook on medium heat until steam starts coming out of the sides.

    * * *
    lubrication, greasing
    * * *

    Del verbo engrasar: ( conjugate engrasar)

    engrasado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    engrasado    
    engrasar
    engrasado sustantivo masculino
    lubrication, greasing
    engrasar ( conjugate engrasar) verbo transitivo
    a) (Auto, Mec) ( con grasa) to grease, lubricate;

    ( con aceite) to oil, lubricate
    b) (Coc) ‹ molde› to grease

    engrasar verbo transitivo
    1 (untar con grasa, etc) to lubricate, oil: hay que engrasar el molde, you have to grease the tin
    2 (ensuciar con grasa) to make greasy, stain with grease
    * * *
    [acción] lubrication

    Spanish-English dictionary > engrasado

  • 3 depurado

    adj.
    purified, unblemished, exquisite, sheer.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: depurar.
    * * *
    1→ link=depurar depurar
    1 (pulido) elaborate, carefully worked
    * * *
    ADJ [estilo] pure, refined
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <lenguaje/estilo> polished, refined; < gusto> refined
    * * *
    = cleanup [clean-up], filtering, purification.
    Ex. In the clean-up operation that you just described you recalled a figure of approximately 11,000 transactions.
    Ex. Additional techniques were developed for filtering, ranking and reducing information retrieval system output.
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <lenguaje/estilo> polished, refined; < gusto> refined
    * * *
    = cleanup [clean-up], filtering, purification.

    Ex: In the clean-up operation that you just described you recalled a figure of approximately 11,000 transactions.

    Ex: Additional techniques were developed for filtering, ranking and reducing information retrieval system output.
    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.

    * * *
    ‹lenguaje› polished, refined; ‹gusto› refined
    un estilo depurado a polished style
    * * *

    Del verbo depurar: ( conjugate depurar)

    depurado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    depurado    
    depurar
    depurado
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹lenguaje/estilo› polished, refined;


    ‹ gusto› refined
    depurar ( conjugate depurar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ agua› to purify, treat;

    ‹ aguas residuales› to treat
    b) ‹ sangre› to cleanse

    2
    a) ‹organización/partido› to purge

    b) ‹lenguaje/estilo› to polish, refine

    depurar verbo transitivo
    1 (limpiar un líquido, agua) to purify
    2 (un partido, una empresa) to purge
    3 (el estilo, vocabulario, etc) to refine
    * * *
    depurado, -a adj
    [estilo] refined, polished; [lenguaje, técnica] finely honed; [sistema] finely tuned; [gustos] refined; [diseño, líneas] sleek, elegant

    Spanish-English dictionary > depurado

  • 4 nocivo

    adj.
    1 noxious, harmful, hurtful, evil.
    2 noxious, harmful.
    * * *
    1 noxious, harmful
    * * *
    (f. - nociva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ harmful, injurious frm ( para to)
    * * *
    - va adjetivo <sustancia/aditivo> harmful; < influencia> damaging
    * * *
    = pernicious, injurious, deleterious, noxious.
    Ex. Furthermore, children can be misled by group influences into reading truly pernicious material (hard core ponography, for example) and when this happens adults have a clear responsibility to step in and do something about it.
    Ex. Freezing is effective in eliminating injurious book insects.
    Ex. This article attempts to show the influence of man on the beneficial or deleterious use of information.
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    ----
    * efecto nocivo = toxic effect, harmful effect.
    * insecto nocivo = insect pest.
    * nocivo para = injurious to.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo <sustancia/aditivo> harmful; < influencia> damaging
    * * *
    = pernicious, injurious, deleterious, noxious.

    Ex: Furthermore, children can be misled by group influences into reading truly pernicious material (hard core ponography, for example) and when this happens adults have a clear responsibility to step in and do something about it.

    Ex: Freezing is effective in eliminating injurious book insects.
    Ex: This article attempts to show the influence of man on the beneficial or deleterious use of information.
    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    * efecto nocivo = toxic effect, harmful effect.
    * insecto nocivo = insect pest.
    * nocivo para = injurious to.

    * * *
    nocivo -va
    ‹sustancia/aditivo› harmful
    [ S ] el tabaco es nocivo para la salud smoking damages your health
    lo consideran una influencia nociva sobre ella they think he is a bad influence on her
    podría ser nocivo para su carrera it could damage o harm her career, it could be damaging to her career
    * * *

    nocivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo ‹ sustancia› harmful;


    ‹ influencia› damaging
    nocivo,-a adjetivo harmful
    gases nocivos, noxious fumes
    ' nocivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    contraria
    - contrario
    - nociva
    English:
    dangerous
    - evil
    - noxious
    - harmful
    - moderation
    * * *
    nocivo, -a adj
    [dañino] harmful; [gas] noxious;
    el tabaco es nocivo para la salud smoking damages your health;
    su abuelo ha ejercido una influencia nociva en él his grandfather has been a bad influence on him
    * * *
    adj harmful
    * * *
    nocivo, -va adj
    dañino: harmful, noxious
    * * *
    nocivo adj harmful

    Spanish-English dictionary > nocivo

  • 5 catón

    m.
    1 spelling book, first-reader.
    2 Cato, Catón.
    * * *
    1 (libro) primer, first reading book
    ————————
    1 figurado (censor) harsh critic
    * * *
    SM Cato
    * * *
    = cation.
    Nota: En química, ion con carga positiva.
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    * * *
    Nota: En química, ion con carga positiva.

    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.

    * * *
    reader
    * * *
    Catón n pr
    Cato

    Spanish-English dictionary > catón

  • 6 humedecimiento

    m.
    1 moistening.
    2 humidification, moistening, dampening, damping.
    * * *
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    * * *

    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.

    * * *
    moistening

    Spanish-English dictionary > humedecimiento

  • 7 purificación

    f.
    purification, purifying, cleansing.
    * * *
    1 purification
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino purification
    * * *
    Ex. The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.
    ----
    * purificación del aire = air purification.
    * * *
    femenino purification
    * * *

    Ex: The conservation method consists of several stages: mechanical cleaning, chemical purification, neutralization of surplus acidity, blocking of noxious influences of cations of iron and copper, moistening and strengthening of leather bindings, and greasing.

    * purificación del aire = air purification.

    * * *
    purification
    * * *

    purificación sustantivo femenino purification
    * * *
    purification
    purificación del agua water treatment
    * * *
    f purification

    Spanish-English dictionary > purificación

  • 8 σιδηρόχαλκον

    σιδηρόχαλκος
    of iron and copper: masc /fem acc sg
    σιδηρόχαλκος
    of iron and copper: neut nom /voc /acc sg

    Morphologia Graeca > σιδηρόχαλκον

  • 9 становиться ... очевидным

    Становиться (всё более) очевидным-- While these [iron and copper] can be controlled to some extent by proper internal treatment, it has become more and more apparent that external treatment is also needed in order to prevent deposition in the boiler. Становиться (более) очевидным-- As attempts are made to improve the reliability of the transmission assemblies, the disadvantages of multiple bearings become more obvious.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > становиться ... очевидным

  • 10 вскрышные горные работы

    1. strip mining

     

    вскрышные горные работы
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    strip mining
    Superficial mining, in which the valuable rock is exposed by removal of overburden. Coal, numerous nonmetals and metalliferous ores (iron and copper) are worked in this way. Sinonym: strip mining, opencast mining, openpit mining. (Source: BJGEO)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вскрышные горные работы

  • 11 σιδηροχάλκου

    σιδηρόχαλκος
    of iron and copper: masc /fem /neut gen sg

    Morphologia Graeca > σιδηροχάλκου

  • 12 жёсткие пределы

    Жесткие пределы-- You will note in Table the rather stringent limits for iron and copper.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > жёсткие пределы

  • 13 σιδηρόχαλκος

    A of iron and copper,

    τομή Luc. Ocyp.96

    , cf. Zos.Alch.p.214B.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σιδηρόχαλκος

  • 14 aes

    aes, aeris (often used in plur. nom. and acc.; abl. aeribus, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll., and Lucr. 2, 636; gen. AERVM, Inscr. Orell. 3551), n. [cf. Germ. Eisen = iron, Erz = copper; Goth. aiz = copper, gold; Angl.Sax. ar, ær = ore, copper, brass; Eng. iron, ore; Lat. aurum; with the com. notion of brightness; cf. aurora, etc.].
    I.
    Any crude metal dug out of the earth, except gold and silver; esp.,
    a.
    Aes Cyprium, whence cuprum, copper: scoria aeris, copper dross or scoria, Plin. 34, 11, 24, § 107:

    aeris flos,

    flowers of copper, id. 34, 11, 24, § 107:

    squama aeris,

    scales of copper, Cels. 2, 12 init.:

    aes fundere,

    Plin. 33, 5, 30, § 94:

    conflare et temperare,

    id. 7, 56, 57, § 197:

    India neque aes neque plumbum habet,

    id. 34, 17, 48, § 163:

    aurum et argentum et aes,

    Vulg. Ex. 25, 3.—
    b.
    An alloy, for the most part of copper and tin, bronze (brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was hardly known to the ancients. For their bronze coins the Greeks adhered to copper and tin till B.C. 400, after which they added lead. Silver is rare in Greek bronze coins. The Romans admitted lead into their bronze coins, but gradually reduced the quantity, and, under Calig., Nero, Vesp., and Domit., issued pure copper coins, and then reverted to the mixture of lead. In the bronze mirrors now existing, which are nearly all Etruscan, silver predominated to give a highly reflecting surface. The antique bronze had about 87 parts of copper to 13 of tin. An analysis of several objects has given the following centesimal parts: statua ex aere, Cic. Phil. 9, 6:

    simulacrum ex aere factum,

    Plin. 34, 4, 9, § 15:

    valvas ex aere factitavere,

    id. 34, 3, 7, § 13.—Hence:

    ducere aliquem ex aere,

    to cast one's image in bronze, id. 7, 37, 38, § 125; and in the same sense poet.:

    ducere aera,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240:

    aes Corinthium,

    Plin. 34, 2, 3, §§ 5-8; v. Corinthius.—
    II.
    Meton.
    A.
    (Esp. in the poets.) For everything made or prepared from copper, bronze, etc. ( statues, tables of laws, money), and (as the ancients had the art of hardening and tempering copper and bronze) weapons, armor, utensils of husbandry: aes sonit, franguntur hastae, the trumpet sounds, Enn. ap. Non. 504, 32 (Trag. v. 213 Vahl.):

    Et prior aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus: Aere solum terrae tractabant, aereque belli Miscebant fluctus et vulnera vasta serebant, etc.,

    Lucr. 5, 1287:

    quae ille in aes incidit, in quo populi jussa perpetuasque leges esse voluit,

    Cic. Phil. 1, 17; cf. id. Fam. 12, 1; Tac. A. 11, 14; 12, 53; id. H. 4, 40: aere ( with the trumpet, horn) ciere viros, Verg. A. 6, 165:

    non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,

    Ov. M. 1, 98 (hence also rectum aes, the tuba, in contr. with the crooked buccina, Juv. 2, 118); a brazen prow, Verg. A. 1, 35; the brazen age, Hor. Epod. 16, 64.—In plur.: aera, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll.; Verg. A. 2, 734; Hor. C. 4, 8, 2 al.—
    B.
    Money: the first Roman money consisted of small rude masses of copper, called aes rude, Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; afterwards as coined:

    aes signatum,

    Cic. Leg. 3, 3; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43;

    so aes alone: si aes habent, dant mercem,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 49:

    ancilla aere suo empta,

    Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 26: aes circumforaneum. borrowed from the brokers in the forum, Cic. Att. 2, 1: Hic meret aera liber Sosiis, earns them money, Hor. A. P. [p. 61] 345:

    gravis aere dextra,

    Verg. E. 1, 36:

    effusum est aes tuum,

    Vulg. Ez. 16, 36:

    neque in zona aes (tollerent),

    ib. Maarc. 6, 8:

    etiam aureos nummos aes dicimus,

    Dig. 50, 16, 159.—Hence,
    1.
    Aes alienum, lit. the money of another; hence, in reference to him who has it, the sum owed, a debt, Plaut. Curc. 3, 1, 2:

    habere aes alienum,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 6:

    aes alienum amicorum suscipere,

    to take upon one's self, id. Off. 2, 16:

    contrahere,

    to run up, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

    facere,

    id. Att. 13, 46:

    conflare,

    Sall. C. 14, 2; 24, 3:

    in aes alienum incidere,

    to fall into debt, Cic. Cat. 2, 9:

    in aere alieno esse,

    to be in debt, id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 6; so,

    aere alieno oppressum esse,

    id. Font. 1; so Vulg. 1 Reg. 22, 2:

    laborare ex aere alieno,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 22:

    liberare se aere alieno,

    to get quit of, Cic. Att. 6, 2; so,

    aes alienum dissolvere,

    id. Sull. 56:

    aere alieno exire,

    to get out of, id. Phil. 11, 6.—
    2.
    In aere meo est, trop., he is, as it were, among my effects, he is my friend (only in the language of common conversation):

    in animo habui te in aere meo esse propter Lamiae nostri conjunctionem,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 62; 15, 14.—
    * 3.
    Alicujus aeris esse, to be of some value, Gell. 18, 5.—
    * 4.
    In aere suo censeri, to be esteemed according to its own worth, Sen. Ep. 87.—
    C.
    Sometimes = as, the unit of the standard of money (cf. as); hence, aes grave, the old heary money (as weighed, not counted out):

    denis milibus aeris gravis reos condemnavit,

    Liv. 5, 12:

    indicibus dena milia aeris gravis, quae tum divitiae habebantur, data,

    id. 4, 60; so, aes alone and in the gen. sing., instead of assium:

    aeris miliens, triciens,

    a hundred millions, three millions, Cic. Rep. 3, 10:

    qui milibus aeris quinquaginta census fuisset,

    Liv. 24, 11.—Also for coins that are smaller than an as (quadrans, triens, etc.):

    nec pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum aere, i. e. quadrante, lavantur (those who bathed paid each a quadrans),

    Juv. 2, 152 (cf.:

    dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 137).—
    D.
    Wages, pay.
    1.
    A soldier's pay = stipendium:

    negabant danda esse aera militibus,

    Liv. 5, 4. And soon after: annua aera habes: annuam operam ede.— Hence in plur., = stipendia, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33.—
    2.
    Reward, payment, in gen., Juv. 6, 125: nullum in bonis numero, quod ad aes exit, that has in view or aims at pay, reward, Sen. Ep. 88.—
    E.
    In plur.: aera, counters; hence also the items of a computed sum (for which, later, a sing. form aera, ae (q. v.), came into use): si aera singula probāsti, summam, quae ex his confecta sit, non probare? Cic. ap. Non. 3, 18.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > aes

  • 15 Boulsover, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 1704
    d. 1788
    [br]
    English cutler, metalworker and inventor of Sheffield plate.
    [br]
    Boulsover, originally a small-scale manufacturer of cutlery, is believed to have specialized in making knife-handle components. About 1742 he found that a thin sheet of silver could be fused to copper sheet by rolling or beating to flatten it. Thus he developed the plating of silver, later called Sheffield plate.
    The method when perfected consisted of copper sheet overlaid by thin sheet silver being annealed by red heat. Protected by iron sheeting, the copper and silver were rolled together, becoming fused to a single plate capable of undergoing further manufacturing processes. Later developments included methods of edging the fused sheets and the placing of silver sheet on both lower and upper surfaces of copper, to produce high-quality silver plate, in much demand by the latter part of the century. Boulsover himself is said to have produced only small articles such as buttons and snuff boxes from this material, which by 1758 was being exploited more commercially by Joseph Hancock in Sheffield making candlesticks, hot-water pots and coffee pots. Matthew Boulton introduced its manufacture in very high-quality products during the 1760s to Birmingham, where the technique was widely adopted later. By the 1770s Boulsover was engaged in rolling his plated copper for industry elsewhere, also trading in iron and purchasing blister steel which he converted by the Huntsman process to crucible steel. Blister steel was converted on his behalf to shear steel by forging. He is thought to have also been responsible for improving this product further, introducing "double-shear steel", by repeating the forging and faggoting of shear steel bars. Thomas Boulsover had become a Sheffield entrepreneur, well known for his numerous skills with metals.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson, 1937, Matthew Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (describes Boulsover's innovation and further development of Sheffield plate).
    J.Holland, 1834, Manufactures in Metal III, 354–8.
    For activities in steel see: K.C.Barraclough, 1991, "Steel in the Industrial Revolution", in J.Day and R.F.Tylecote (eds), The Industrial Revolution in Metals, The Institute of Metals.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Boulsover, Thomas

  • 16 Percy, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 23 March 1817 Nottingham, England
    d. 19 June 1889 London, England
    [br]
    English metallurgist, first Professor of Metallurgy at the School of Mines, London.
    [br]
    After a private education, Percy went to Paris in 1834 to study medicine and to attend lectures on chemistry by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. After 1838 he studied medicine at Edinburgh, obtaining his MD in 1839. In that year he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Queen's College, Birmingham, moving to Queen's Hospital at Birmingham in 1843. During his time at Birmingham, Percy became well known for his analysis of blast furnace slags, and was involved in the manufacture of optical glass. On 7 June 1851 Percy was appointed Metallurgical Professor and Teacher at the Museum of Practical Geology established in Jermyn Street, London, and opened in May 1851. In November of 1851, when the Museum became the Government (later Royal) School of Mines, Percy was appointed Lecturer in Metallurgy. In addition to his work at Jermyn Street, Percy lectured on metallurgy to the Advanced Class of Artillery at Woolwich from 1864 until his death, and from 1866 he was Superintendent of Ventilation at the Houses of Parliament. He served from 1861 to 1864 on the Special Committee on Iron set up to examine the performance of armour-plate in relation to its purity, composition and structure.
    Percy is best known for his metallurgical text books, published by John Murray. Volume I of Metallurgy, published in 1861, dealt with fuels, fireclays, copper, zinc and brass; Volume II, in 1864, dealt with iron and steel; a volume on lead appeared in 1870, followed by one on fuels and refractories in 1875, and the first volume on gold and silver in 1880. Further projected volumes on iron and steel, noble metals, and on copper, did not materialize. In 1879 Percy resigned from his School of Mines appointment in protest at the proposed move from Jermyn Street to South Kensington. The rapid growth of Percy's metallurgical collection, started in 1839, eventually forced him to move to a larger house. After his death, the collection was bought by the South Kensington (later Science) Museum. Now comprising 3,709 items, it provides a comprehensive if unselective record of nineteenth-century metallurgy, the most interesting specimens being those of the first sodium-reduced aluminium made in Britain and some of the first steel produced by Bessemer in Baxter House. Metallurgy for Percy was a technique of chemical extraction, and he has been criticized for basing his system of metallurgical instruction on this assumption. He stood strangely aloof from new processes of steel making such as that of Gilchrist and Thomas, and tended to neglect early developments in physical metallurgy, but he was the first in Britain to teach metallurgy as a discipline in its own right.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1847. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1885, 1886.
    Bibliography
    1861–80, Metallurgy, 5 vols, London: John Murray.
    Further Reading
    S.J.Cackett, 1989, "Dr Percy and his metallurgical collection", Journal of the Hist. Met. Society 23(2):92–8.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Percy, John

  • 17 Monell, Ambrose

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1874 New York, USA
    d. 2 May 1921 Beacon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American metallurgist who gave his name to a successful nickel-copper alloy.
    [br]
    After graduating from Columbia University in 1896. Monell became a metallurgical engineer to the Carnegie Steel Company, rising in six years to be Assistant to the President. In 1900, while Manager of the company's open-hearth steelworks at Pittsburg, he patented a procedure for making high-carbon steel in basic conditions on the hearth of a fixed/stationary furnace; the method was intended to refine pig-iron containing substantial proportions of phosphorus and to do so relatively quickly. The process was introduced at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company in February 1900, where it continued in use for some years. In April 1902 Monell was among those who launched the International Nickel Company of New Jersey in order to bring together a number of existing nickel interests; he became the new company's President. In 1904–5, members of the company's metallurgical staff produced an alloy of about 70 parts nickel and 30 copper which seemed to show great commercial promise on account of its high resistance to corrosion and its good appearance. Monell agreed to the suggestion that the new alloy should be given his name; for commercial reasons it was marketed as "Monel metal". In 1917, following the entry of the USA into the First World War, Monell was commissioned Colonel in the US Army (Aviation) for overseas service, relinquishing his presidency of the International Nickel Company but remaining as a director. At the time of his death he was also a director in several other companies in the USA.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1900, British patent no. 5506 (taken out by O. Imray on behalf of Monell).
    Monell insinuated an account of his steel-making procedure at a meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute held in London and reported in The Journal of the Iron and Steel
    Institute (1900) 1:71–80; some of the comments made by other speakers, particularly B.Talbot, were adverse. The following year (1901) Monell produced a general historical review: "A summary of development in open-hearth steel", Iron Trade
    Review 14(14 November):39–47.
    Further Reading
    A.J.Wadhams, 1931, "The story of the nickel industry", Metals and Alloys 2(3):166–75 (mentions Monell among many others, and includes a portrait (p. 170)).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Monell, Ambrose

  • 18 plancha

    f.
    1 iron.
    pasar la plancha a algo to give something a quick iron
    odio la plancha I hate ironing
    esas camisas necesitan una plancha those shirts need ironing
    plancha de vapor steam iron
    2 grill.
    a la plancha grilled
    3 plate (placa).
    5 dangerous tackle.
    6 plate (Imprenta).
    7 electric iron, smoothing iron.
    8 hotplate, griddle.
    9 embarrassment.
    10 boner.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: planchar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: planchar.
    * * *
    1 (de metal) plate, sheet
    2 (electrodoméstico) iron; (acción de planchar) ironing; (ropa que planchar) clothes to be ironed
    3 (placa de cocina) griddle, hotplate
    4 familiar (error) boob, faux pas
    5 (al saltar al agua) belly flop; (en fútbol) diving header
    \
    a la plancha grilled
    hacer una plancha familiar to boob, make a boob
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) iron
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=lámina) plate, sheet; (=losa) slab; (Tip) plate; (Náut) gangway; (Med) dental plate

    hacer la plancha — [bañista] to float

    2) (=utensilio) iron; (=acción) ironing; [de traje] pressing; (=ropa para planchar) ironing

    plancha a o de vapor — steam iron

    3) (Culin) grill; Cono Sur griddle pan
    4) (=ejercicio) press-up
    5) * (=error) bloomer *

    hacer o tirarse una plancha — to drop a clanger **, put one's foot in it

    6) (Dep) dive
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( acto) ironing; ( ropa para planchar) ironing
    2)
    a) (Const, Tec) sheet
    b) (Impr) plate
    c) (Chi) ( con inscripción) plaque
    3) ( utensilio) griddle; ( parte de la cocina) hotplate, griddle
    5)
    a) (fam) ( metedura de pata) boo-boo (colloq), boob (colloq)

    tirarse una plancha — (Esp fam) to put one's foot in it (colloq), to goof (colloq)

    b) (Chi fam) ( vergüenza) embarrassment

    qué plancha pasé! — I was o felt so embarrassed!

    * * *
    1)
    b) ( acto) ironing; ( ropa para planchar) ironing
    2)
    a) (Const, Tec) sheet
    b) (Impr) plate
    c) (Chi) ( con inscripción) plaque
    3) ( utensilio) griddle; ( parte de la cocina) hotplate, griddle
    5)
    a) (fam) ( metedura de pata) boo-boo (colloq), boob (colloq)

    tirarse una plancha — (Esp fam) to put one's foot in it (colloq), to goof (colloq)

    b) (Chi fam) ( vergüenza) embarrassment

    qué plancha pasé! — I was o felt so embarrassed!

    * * *
    plancha1
    1 = flat-iron, iron.

    Ex: As with all electrical devices, be cautious when using blow-dryers and flat-irons around water and/or children.

    Ex: She was arrested and charged with burning her 11-year-old daughter with an iron.
    * plancha de la ropa = flat-iron.
    * plancha de vapor = steam iron.
    * remate en plancha = diving header.
    * tabla de la plancha = ironing board.

    plancha2
    2 = griddle, hotplate.

    Ex: The griddle is ready when a few drops of water sprinkled on it form fast-moving bubbles
    .

    Ex: This range of hotplates covers a variety of sizes in cast iron and aluminium on request.
    * a la plancha = griddled, on the griddle, on the hotplate.
    * asar a la plancha = griddle.
    * filete a la plancha = griddled steak.
    * hacer una plancha a partir de un molde = cast + plate + from mould.
    * impresión en plancha de madera = woodblock printing.
    * litografía en plancha de zinc = zinc-plate lithograph.
    * número de plancha = plate number.
    * plancha cilíndrica = plate cylinder.
    * plancha de cobre para la impresión en huecograbado = intaglio copperplate.
    * plancha de cocinar = griddle, hotplate.
    * plancha de estereotipia = stereotype plate.
    * plancha de impresión = plate, printing plate.
    * plancha de impresión de cobre = copperplate.
    * plancha de impresión de latón = pewter plate.
    * plancha de impresión en relieve de cobre = engraved copper plate.
    * plancha de impresión litográfica = lithographic plate.
    * plancha del techo = ceiling tile.
    * plancha de madera = wood block [woodblock].
    * plancha de moqueta = carpet tile.
    * plancha de zinc = zinc plate.
    * plancha eléctrica = electric hotplate.
    * plancha eléctrica de cocinar = electric hotplate.
    * plancha para hacer gofres = waffle iron.
    * plancha xilográfica = relief woodcut.
    * plancha zincográfica = zincograph.
    * preparar a la plancha = griddle.

    plancha3
    3 = boner.

    Ex: Inferencing skills can be learned as students clarify contextual meanings of ambiguous statements, mispronunciations, and boners that may be found in newspaper headlines, texts, and conversations.

    * tirarse una placha = make + a bloomer.
    * tirarse una plancha = put + Posesivo + foot in it, put + Posesivo + foot in + Posesivo + mouth, stick + Posesivo + foot in it, drop + a clanger, drop + a bollock, make + a blunder, blunder.

    * * *
    A
    pásale la plancha run the iron over it, iron it, give it an iron
    2 (acto) ironing
    esa camisa no necesita plancha that shirt doesn't need ironing
    Compuestos:
    steam iron
    electric iron
    B
    1 ( Const, Tec) sheet
    acero en planchas sheet steel
    2 ( Impr) plate
    Compuesto:
    plancha de vela or de windsurf
    sailboard, windsurfer
    C (utensilio) griddle; (parte de la cocina) hotplate, griddle
    un filete a la plancha a grilled steak
    D
    (en natación): hacer la plancha to float
    E
    1 ( fam); boob ( colloq), bloomer ( BrE colloq)
    tirarse una plancha to put one's foot in it ( colloq), to goof ( colloq)
    pegarse plancha ( Méx fam); to get a shock ( colloq)
    2 ( Chi fam) (vergüenza) embarrassment
    ¡qué plancha pasé! I was o felt so embarrassed!
    * * *

     

    Del verbo planchar: ( conjugate planchar)

    plancha es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    plancha    
    planchar
    plancha sustantivo femenino
    1

    b) ( acto) ironing;

    ( ropa para planchar) ironing
    2
    a) (Const, Tec) sheet

    b) (Impr) plate

    3 ( utensilio de cocina) griddle;

    4
    a) (fam) ( metedura de pata) boo-boo (colloq), boob (colloq)

    b) (Chi fam) ( vergüenza) embarrassment

    planchar ( conjugate planchar) verbo transitivo ‹sábana/mantel› to iron;
    ‹ pantalones› to press, iron;
    ‹ traje› to press
    verbo intransitivo ( con la plancha) to do the ironing
    plancha sustantivo femenino
    1 (para ropa) iron
    2 (para alimentos) grill, griddle
    planchar verbo transitivo to iron
    ' plancha' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hacer
    - hoja
    - horror
    - montaña
    - odiar
    - vapor
    - calentar
    - chapa
    - estirar
    - lámina
    - pasar
    - placa
    - planchar
    - quemar
    English:
    blow
    - drip-dry
    - griddle
    - hotplate
    - iron
    - gang
    - plate
    - press
    - service
    - sheet
    * * *
    1. [aparato para planchar] iron;
    pasar la plancha a algo to give sth a quick iron;
    odio la plancha I hate ironing;
    esas camisas necesitan una plancha those shirts need ironing
    plancha de vapor steam iron
    2. [ropa planchada] ironing
    3. [para cocinar] grill;
    a la plancha grilled
    4. [placa] plate;
    [de madera] sheet
    5. Fam [metedura de pata] blunder, Br boob, US boo-boo
    6. [en fútbol] dangerous tackle [with studs showing];
    entrar en plancha to go in studs first
    7. Imprenta plate
    8. [al nadar]
    hacer la plancha to float on one's back
    9. RP, Ven [lista] slate, ticket
    10. Méx Fam
    ser una plancha to be a pain in the neck;
    darle plancha a alguien to stand sb up;
    pegarse plancha to get a nasty shock
    * * *
    f
    1 para planchar iron;
    no precisa plancha it doesn’t need ironing
    2 en cocina broiler, Br
    grill;
    a la plancha broiled, Br grilled
    3 de metal sheet
    4 fam ( metedura de pata) goof fam
    5 TIP plate
    * * *
    1) : iron, ironing
    2) : grill, griddle
    a la plancha: grilled
    3) : sheet, plate
    plancha para hornear: baking sheet
    4) fam : blunder, blooper
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > plancha

  • 19 Humfrey, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. c.1515
    d. 14 July 1579
    [br]
    English goldsmith and Assay Master of the Royal Mint who attempted to introduce brass production to England.
    [br]
    William Humfrey, goldsmith of the parish of St Vedast, was appointed Assay Master of the Royal Mint in 1561. At the Tower of London he assumed responsibility for the weight of silver and for production standards at a time of intense activity in recoining the debased coinage of the realm. Separation of copper from the debased silver involved liquation techniques which enabled purification of the recovered silver and copper. German co-operation in introducing these methods to England developed their interest in English copper mining, resulting in the formation of the Mines Royal Company. Shareholders in this government-led monopoly included Humfrey, whose assay of Keswick copper ore, mined with German expertise, was bitterly disputed. As a result of this dispute, Humfrey promoted the formation of a smaller monopoly, the Company of Mineral Battery Works, with plans to mine lead and especially the zinc carbonate ore, calamine, using it to introduce brassmaking and wire manufacture into England. Humfrey acquired technical assistance from further skilled German immigrants, relying particularly on Christopher Schutz of Annaberg in Saxony, who claimed experience in such matters. However, the brassmaking project set up at Tintern was abandoned by 1569 after failure to make a brass suitable for manufacturing purposes. The works changed its production to iron wire. Humfrey had meanwhile been under suspicion of embezzlement at the Tower in connection with his work there. He died intestate while involved in litigation regarding infringement of rights and privileges claimed from his introduction of new techniques in later lead-mining activities under the auspices of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (the most detailed account).
    ——1955, Elizabethan Copper, reprinted 1989, Michael Moon.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Humfrey, William

  • 20 Belling, Charles Reginald

    [br]
    b. 11 May 1884 Bodmin, Cornwall, England
    d. 8 February 1965 while on a cruise
    [br]
    English electrical engineer best known as the pioneer of the wire-wound clay-former heating element which made possible the efficient domestic electric fire.
    [br]
    Belling was educated at Burts Grammar School in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and at Crossley Schools in Halifax, Yorkshire. In 1903 he was apprenticed to Crompton \& Co. at Chelmsford in Essex, the firm that in 1894 offered for sale the earliest electric heaters. These electric radiant panels were intended as heating radiators or cooking hotplates, but were not very successful because, being cast-iron panels into which heating wires had been embedded in enamel, they tended to fracture due to the different rates of thermal expansion of the iron and the enamel. Other designs of electric heaters followed, notably the introduction of large, sausage-shaped carbon filament bulbs fitted into a fire frame and backed by reflectors. This was the idea of H. Dowsing, a collaborator of Crompton, in 1904.
    After qualifying in 1906, Belling left Crompton \& Co. and went to work for Ediswan at Ponders End in Hertfordshire. He left in 1912 to set up his own business, which he began in a small shed in Enfield. With a small staff and capital of £450, he took out his first patent for his wire-wound-former electric fire in the same year. The resistance wire, made from nickel-chrome alloy such as that patented in 1906 by A.L. Marsh, was coiled round a clay former. Six such bars were attached to a cast-iron frame with heating control knobs, and the device was marketed as the Standard Belling Fire. Advertised in 1912, the fire was an immediate success and was followed by many other variations. Improvements to the first model included wire safety guards, enamel finishes and a frame ornamented with copper and brass.
    Belling turned his attention to hotplates, cookers, immersion heaters, electric irons, water urns and kettles, producing the Modernette Cooker (1919), the multi-parabola fire bar (1921), the plate and dish warmer (1924), the storage heater (1926) and the famous Baby Belling cookers, the first of which appeared in 1929. By 1955 business had developed so well that Belling opened another factory at Burnley, Lancashire. He partly underwrote, for the amount of £1 million, a proposed scientific technical college for the electrical industry at Enfield.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Jukes, 1963, The Story of Belling, Belling and Co. Ltd (produced by the company in its Golden Jubilee year).
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Belling, Charles Reginald

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